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The Neuropsychology of Boundary Violation | Melanie Boling, Boling Expeditionary Research

The Neuropsychology of Boundary Violation: Personality Pathology, Cognitive Deficits, and the Dangers to Victims

Abstract

The ability to recognize and respect interpersonal boundaries is a cornerstone of healthy human interaction. Individuals who fail to respond to refusal cues such as no or stop represent a profound risk to others’ psychological safety and physical autonomy. This paper examines the psychological and neuroscientific underpinnings of this phenomenon, classifying such individuals across personality pathology, impulse-control deficits, learned boundary violation, and predatory psychopathy. The paper emphasizes the dangers posed to victims, highlighting trauma pathways, neurobiological consequences, and the long-term psychological toll.

Introduction

Boundaries serve as protective mechanisms for selfhood, signaling the limits of acceptable interaction (Zur, 2007). When another person disregards these signals, the interaction shifts from consensual to coercive, threatening the autonomy and safety of the victim. Failure to recognize or respect no or stop is not simply a social faux pas but an indicator of serious psychopathology, cognitive dysfunction, or predatory intent. For victims, such behavior induces high-risk trauma responses and long-lasting neurobiological dysregulation.

1. Personality Disorder Spectrum

Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)

Individuals with NPD display grandiosity, entitlement, and lack of empathy (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). Neuroscientific studies show altered fronto-limbic connectivity, suggesting impaired emotional empathy and heightened self-referential processing (Mier et al., 2013). When confronted with refusal, narcissistic individuals may interpret no as narcissistic injury, escalating aggression to reassert control (Krizan & Johar, 2015).

Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)

ASPD is characterized by disregard for the rights of others and pervasive violation of social norms (APA, 2013). Functional MRI studies demonstrate reduced amygdala reactivity and impaired ventromedial prefrontal cortex function, consistent with deficient fear conditioning and moral reasoning (Glenn & Raine, 2014). For these individuals, no lacks salience as a moral boundary and is treated instead as an obstacle to be removed.

Borderline and Histrionic Traits

While often less predatory, individuals with borderline or histrionic features may override boundaries during affective dysregulation or dramatic displays (Linehan, 1993). Hypersexuality and emotional manipulation are used to prevent abandonment or secure attention, but the effect on victims can still be coercive and destabilizing.

2. Impulse-Control and Cognitive Deficits

Impulse Dysregulation

Deficits in prefrontal cortex functioning contribute to poor inhibitory control and difficulty respecting social rules (Aron, Robbins, & Poldrack, 2014). While not inherently malicious, these deficits increase the likelihood of boundary-crossing behavior, particularly under stress or intoxication.

Social Cognition Deficits

Certain conditions, such as Autism Spectrum Disorder, may impair recognition of subtle social cues. However, unlike Cluster B pathology, individuals with ASD typically cease behavior once explicit refusal is understood (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The distinction lies in willingness to learn and respect boundaries, versus intentional disregard.

3. Learned and Conditioned Boundary Violators

In environments characterized by authoritarianism, militarism, or systemic abuse, individuals may internalize the normalization of boundary violation (Bandura, 1999). Here, no is interpreted as negotiable or weak. Repeated reinforcement of dominance through aggression conditions behavior that perpetuates cycles of abuse.

4. Predatory Psychopathy

Perhaps the most dangerous group, psychopathic individuals understand boundaries cognitively but disregard them strategically (Hare, 2003). Functional imaging reveals hypoactivity in paralimbic structures, including the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex, resulting in blunted affect and heightened instrumental aggression (Kiehl, 2006). For these individuals, ignoring no is a tool for manipulation, exploitation, or sadistic gratification.

5. Impact on Victims

Neurobiological Trauma Pathways

Victims exposed to repeated boundary violations experience hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to chronic cortisol dysregulation and hippocampal atrophy (McEwen, 2007). Such neurobiological changes are implicated in PTSD, complex trauma, and impaired emotional regulation (Yehuda et al., 2015).

Psychological Consequences

Victims often develop learned helplessness (Seligman, 1975), dissociation, and distorted self-concept. Repeated violations erode the victim’s ability to trust their perceptions, especially when accompanied by gaslighting or coercive control (Stark, 2007).

Long-Term Risk

Exposure to predatory individuals significantly increases risks of depression, substance misuse, suicidal ideation, and revictimization (Courtois & Ford, 2013). For victims, the danger is not confined to the boundary violation itself but extends into lasting disruptions of neural, psychological, and social functioning.

Conclusion

The inability—or refusal—to understand no or stop is rarely benign. Whether arising from Cluster B psychopathology, impulse-control deficits, conditioned dominance, or psychopathy, such behavior places victims at extraordinary risk of trauma and long-term harm. Psychologically and neurologically, boundary violations are assaults on autonomy that restructure the brain’s stress and memory systems, leaving victims vulnerable long after the event. From a public health perspective, these individuals represent a critical danger, and protecting victims requires both recognition of perpetrator profiles and systemic interventions to prevent abuse.

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

  • Aron, A. R., Robbins, T. W., & Poldrack, R. A. (2014). Inhibition and the right inferior frontal cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(4), 177–185.

  • Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(3), 193–209.

  • Courtois, C. A., & Ford, J. D. (2013). Treating complex trauma: A sequenced, relationship-based approach. Guilford Press.

  • Glenn, A. L., & Raine, A. (2014). Neurocriminology: Implications for the punishment, prediction, and prevention of criminal behaviour. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15(1), 54–63.

  • Hare, R. D. (2003). Without conscience: The disturbing world of the psychopaths among us. Guilford Press.

  • Kiehl, K. A. (2006). A cognitive neuroscience perspective on psychopathy: Evidence for paralimbic system dysfunction. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 142(2–3), 107–128.

  • Krizan, Z., & Johar, O. (2015). Narcissistic rage revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(5), 784–801.

  • Linehan, M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. Guilford Press.

  • McEwen, B. S. (2007). Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: Central role of the brain. Physiological Reviews, 87(3), 873–904.

  • Mier, D., et al. (2013). Altered neural correlates of empathy in narcissistic personality disorder. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 213(2), 115–121.

  • Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development, and death. Freeman.

  • Stark, E. (2007). Coercive control: How men entrap women in personal life. Oxford University Press.

  • Yehuda, R., et al. (2015). Post-traumatic stress disorder. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 1, 15057.

  • Zur, O. (2007). Boundaries in psychotherapy: Ethical and clinical explorations. American Psychological Association.

Conclusions and Recommendations: Amazonian Entheogen Therapy for the treatment of U.S. Military Veterans. // Melanie Boling, Graduate Student of Neuropsychology, Harvard University.

Conclusions and Recommendations

“Ayahuasca brew consists of the ayahuasca vine or Banisteriopsis caapi and an admixture like the chacruna leaves or Psychotria viridis. Ayahuasca effects are caused by the synergistic interaction of β-carbolines (harmine, harmaline and tetrahydroarmine) contained in Banisteriopsis caapi stalks combined with the N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) from Psychotria viridis leaves, a potent agonist to serotonin (5-HT) receptors.”

“Ayahuasca brew consists of the ayahuasca vine or Banisteriopsis caapi and an admixture like the chacruna leaves or Psychotria viridis. Ayahuasca effects are caused by the synergistic interaction of β-carbolines (harmine, harmaline and tetrahydroarmine) contained in Banisteriopsis caapi stalks combined with the N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) from Psychotria viridis leaves, a potent agonist to serotonin (5-HT) receptors.”

Many veterans are trapped in their trauma and plant medicine has provided the means for releasing trauma during their psychedelic experience (Veterans Are Turning to Ayahuasca for PTSD Relief, n.d.).

A small shamanic ceremony would also allow for facilitators and shamans alike to stay true to their culture. Plant Medicine Healing Centers and Clinics allow shamans; tribal members; and facilitators to continue practicing the traditions of their culture and making a living while doing so; all the while preserving and safeguarding a living history allows for more generations to learn the way of the rainforest through plant medicine.

Healing centers lower the dependent variable of a tribe from going extinct; or moving further away from traditional ways that are not successfully being passed onto the younger generations (Plotkin, 2021).

Melanie Boling and Expeditionary Service Dog River Roux with the healers of a Shibipo Tribe Healing Center in the Andes Mountains of Peru (Imagery Beyond Borders, January 2021).

Melanie Boling and Expeditionary Service Dog River Roux with the healers of a Shibipo Tribe Healing Center in the Andes Mountains of Peru (Imagery Beyond Borders, January 2021).

“Benefits obtained from the brew intake, such as mind healing, increased self-knowledge, improved memory and persistently elevated mood. It has gained recent traction with U.S. Military Veterans for seeking healing from treatment-resistant mental illness such as Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Depression.”

“Benefits obtained from the brew intake, such as mind healing, increased self-knowledge, improved memory and persistently elevated mood. It has gained recent traction with U.S. Military Veterans for seeking healing from treatment-resistant mental illness such as Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Depression.”

Amazonian Entheogens or Psychedelic Plant Medicine hold great potential for the treatment of U.S. Military Veterans, and applying this through small group indigenous shamanic ceremonies, holds space to guide survivors into a journey within themselves for those seeking therapeutic healing for specific treatment-resistant illnesses such as Complex-Post-traumatic Stress Disorder or C-PTSD; Military Sexual Trauma or MST; and Traumatic Brain Injury or TBI. 

Trust and safety are the key components to the overall success of Psychedelic Plant Medicine.

“The most important tool used by shamans is the icaro. These traditional songs sung or whistled by shamans before, during, and after an ayahuasca ceremony not only comprise the setting of the experience, they also positively influence the internal landscape of a person’s psyche. While we’re still trying to understand icaros in therapeutic terms, there’s no doubt that these songs play a vital role in the healing aspects of ayahuasca.”

“The most important tool used by shamans is the icaro. These traditional songs sung or whistled by shamans before, during, and after an ayahuasca ceremony not only comprise the setting of the experience, they also positively influence the internal landscape of a person’s psyche. While we’re still trying to understand icaros in therapeutic terms, there’s no doubt that these songs play a vital role in the healing aspects of ayahuasca.”

I feel that the answers to all of the world’s problems lie within the world’s rainforests, specifically the Amazon Rainforest. There is much more to learn about Psychedelic Plant Medicine and questions to be answered used for the healing of the United States Military Veteran Community.

Some questions that I have for the scientific community that has yet to be researched are:

  1. If different parts of the same ayahuasca plant are said to cause different experiences with the same user; could these different parts of the same plant be used to treat different illnesses? 

  2. Would cultivation and/or harvesting of the ayahuasca vine at different periods of the plant’s growth cause a different experience for the user or could it be used to treat different illnesses? IE. CBD vs CBG?

  3. Does adding the ayahuasca vine with various admixtures beyond the charunca leaf be used to treat other specific illnesses? IE. Cancer, or Stroke.

  4. Can different lineages of the ayahuasca vine be used to treat more specific illnesses? IE. Alzheimer’s, or Parkinson’s Disease.

  5. Will the consumption of ayahuasca brew in an “extreme environment” such as “high-altitude environments” cause a warp-speed healing event in patients/users such as someone with a traumatic brain injury or brain damage caused by stroke? (I already know the answer to this, to be revealed at a later time).

  6. If ayahuasca, psilocybin mushrooms, and San Pedro Cactus or “huacuma” were to be administered in a clinical setting, even as a microdose; then combined with a “simulated extreme environment”, such as Hyper-Baric Oxygen Therapy or HBOT which is used to promote neurogenesis in the brain after TBI; could these variables also play a role in the “warp-speed” healing of neurogenesis on the brain and body?

Ayahuasca inhibits various parts of the brain associated with cognitive flexibility. It produces structural changes within the brain that are responsible for activity within 24 hours of ayahuasca consumption which leads to positive increases in cognitive flexibility. Results show that mindfulness is beneficial and lasting to the first-time or experienced ayahuasca user. Ayahuasca’s use allows the loosening of one’s cognitive grip which helps alleviate the feeling of being stuck and the depression associated with similar behavioral patterns (Murphy-Beiner & Soar, 2020). 

Ayahuasca inhibits various parts of the brain associated with cognitive flexibility. It produces structural changes within the brain that are responsible for activity within 24 hours of ayahuasca consumption which leads to positive increases in cognitive flexibility. Results show that mindfulness is beneficial and lasting to the first-time or experienced ayahuasca user. Ayahuasca’s use allows the loosening of one’s cognitive grip which helps alleviate the feeling of being stuck and the depression associated with similar behavioral patterns (Murphy-Beiner & Soar, 2020). 

My wish is that with my own scientific field research I can solve problems; provide the answers to some of these scientific questions; and do my part in guiding others within my own United States Military Veteran Community and the world, to realize the full potential of Entheogen Therapy or Psychedelic Plant Medicine from the Amazon Rainforest.

United States Air Force Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom Combat Veteran Melanie Boling in the Peruvian Andes as part of her scientific research for Harvard University, where she is pursuing a Masters Degree in Neuropsychology; and Graduate Certificate in Environmental Policy and International Development. Boling is an Extreme (ICE) Environments Behavioural Ecologist for her NGO, Peer Wild (Imagery Beyond Borders, January 2021).

United States Air Force Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom Combat Veteran Melanie Boling in the Peruvian Andes as part of her scientific research for Harvard University, where she is pursuing a Masters Degree in Neuropsychology; and Graduate Certificate in Environmental Policy and International Development. Boling is an Extreme (ICE) Environments Behavioural Ecologist for her NGO, Peer Wild (Imagery Beyond Borders, January 2021).

Would you like to know more?

Be sure to read back on all of our articles about Entheogen Therapy or Psychedelic Plant Medicine derived from the scientific paper,Reported results of Amazonian Entheogens for treatment of Complex-Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (C-PTSD); Military Sexual Trauma (MST); and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) among U.S. Military Veterans and the benefits of application through small group indigenous shamanic ceremonies.”


References:

Boling, Melanie. (2021). Melanie Noelani Boling. Imagery Beyond Borders. https://imagerybeyondborders.org

Boling, Melanie (2021). Reported results of Amazonian Entheogens for treatment of Complex-Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (C-PTSD); Military Sexual Trauma (MST); and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) among U.S. Military Veterans and the benefits of application through small group indigenous shamanic ceremonies. The Amazon Rainforest: From Conservation to Climate Change-research. Harvard Summer School, August 9, 2021.

Murphy-Beiner, A, and K Soar. “Ayahuasca’s ‘Afterglow’: Improved Mindfulness and Cognitive Flexibility in Ayahuasca Drinkers.” Psychopharmacology 237, no. 4 (April 2020): 1161–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-019-05445-3.

Plotkin, M. J. (2021). The Amazon: What everyone needs to know. Chapter 8 seminar. Lecture notes The Amazon Rainforest: From Conservation to Climate Change- seminar. Harvard Summer School. Delivered 3 August 2021.

“Veterans Are Turning to Ayahuasca for PTSD Relief.” Accessed July 15, 2021. https://www.vice.com/en/article/a3kaye/veterans-are-turning-to-ayahuasca-for-ptsd-relief.


About the author:

Melanie began attending Harvard in 2020 to complete a Graduate Certificate in Human Behavior with a specialization in Neuropsychology. Boling’s research has examined extreme environments and how they can have a potential negative impact on humans operating in the extreme environment. During her time at Harvard, she has built a mental wellness tool called a psychological field kit. Implementing these tools will allow an individual to thrive in an extreme environment while mitigating negative variables such as abnormal human behavior which can play a role in team degradation.

Melanie Boling, Extreme (ICE) Environments Behavioural Ecologist, Peer Wild and Graduate Student of Neuropsychology, Harvard University.

Melanie Boling, Extreme (ICE) Environments Behavioural Ecologist, Peer Wild and Graduate Student of Neuropsychology, Harvard University.

Just Look Up | Hawaii Adventure Travel Photographer

“Woods are not like other spaces. To begin with, they are cubic. Their trees surround you, loom over you, press in from all sides. Woods choke off views & leave you muddled & without bearings. They make you feel small & confused & vulnerable, like a small child lost in a crowd of strange legs. Stand in a desert or prairie & you know you are in a big space. Stand in the woods and you only sense it. They are vast, featureless nowhere. And they are alive.” 


― Bill BrysonA Walk in the Woods: Rediscovering America on the Appalachian Trail


Hiking the Aiea Loop, a five mile trail that moves through lush green valleys, dense forests, and spectacular views. But beware, there's mud, lots and lots of mud.